Trastorno de déficit atencional e hiperactividad: Implicaciones para el género femenino en relación con sospecha diagnóstica, diagnóstico y terapéutica

Otoya Chaves F, González Aguilar MJ, Sequeira Araya A. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Implications for the female gender in relation to diagnostic suspicion, diagnosis and therapy. Rev.méd.sinerg. [Internet]. 2022Sep.1 [cited 2024May12];7(9):e896. Available from: https://www.revistamedicasinergia.com/index.php/rms/article/view/896

Abstract

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a behavioral alteration with bases on neurodevelopment, it is prevalent during childhood, without being limited to it. Due to its comorbidities and associated risks, this condition represents a public health issue. When it comes to suspicion, diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, numerous reports have described the existing differences in terms of gender. The higher prevalence in men and their higher records of treatment, have raised the suspicion of a disparity that can have a negative impact on women suffering from this disorder. The main obstacles associated with the female gender are mentioned to be the lack of suspicion, late or absent diagnoses and non-optimal treatments. The importance of recognizing these differences lies not only in clarifying the theory regarding the pathology, but also in providing quality medical care and follow-up to the individuals who suffer from this disorder.

https://doi.org/10.31434/rms.v7i9.896

Keywords

attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. gender identity. female. gender role.

PDF (Español (España))

HTML (Español (España))

References

Boland R, Verduin M, Ruiz P. Kaplan & Sadock. Sinopsis de Psiquiatria. 12a ed. Baltimore, MD, Estados Unidos de América: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2021.

Nussbaum NL. ADHD and female specific concerns: a review of the literature and clinical implications: A review of the literature and clinical implications. J Atten Disord [Internet]. 2012;16(2):87–100. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054711416909

Solberg BS, Halmøy A, Engeland A, Igland J, Haavik J, Klungsøyr K. Gender differences in psychiatric comorbidity: a population-based study of 40 000 adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand [Internet]. 2018;137(3):176–86. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acps.12845

Gordon CT, Hinshaw SP. Executive functions in girls with and without childhood ADHD followed through emerging adulthood: Developmental trajectories. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol [Internet]. 2020;49(4):509–23. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2019.1602840

Young S, Adamo N, Ásgeirsdóttir BB, Branney P, Beckett M, Colley W, et al. Females with ADHD: An expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in girls and women. BMC Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020;20(1):404. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02707-9

Mowlem F, Agnew-Blais J, Taylor E, Asherson P. Do different factors influence whether girls versus boys meet ADHD diagnostic criteria? Sex differences among children with high ADHD symptoms. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2019;272:765–73. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.128

Skoglund C, Kopp Kallner H, Skalkidou A, Wikström A-K, Lundin C, Hesselman S, et al. Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with teenage birth among women and girls in Sweden. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2019;2(10):e1912463. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.12463

Faraone SV, Rostain AL, Blader J, Busch B, Childress AC, Connor DF, et al. Practitioner Review: Emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - implications for clinical recognition and intervention. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry [Internet]. 2019;60(2):133-150. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12899

Sánchez Martínez DP, Guillén Pérez JJ. Epidemiología del tratamiento farmacológico del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) en la Región de Murcia: diferencias por sexo, edad y lugar de residencia. An Pediatr (Barc) [Internet]. 2018;88(4):183–90. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2017.02.014

Lee KW, Cheung RYM, Chen M. Preservice teachers’ self-efficacy in managing students with symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The roles of diagnostic label and students’ gender: LEE et al. Psychol Sch [Internet]. 2019;56(4):595–607. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pits.22221

Williamson D, Johnston C. Gender differences in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A narrative review. Clin Psychol Rev [Internet]. 2015;40:15–27. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.005

Ottosen C, Larsen JT, Faraone SV, Chen Q, Hartman C, Larsson H, et al. Sex differences in comorbidity patterns of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry [Internet]. 2019;58(4):412-422.e3. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.07.910

Martin J, Taylor MJ, Rydell M, Riglin L, Eyre O, Lu Y, et al. Sex-specific manifestation of genetic risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the general population. J Child Psychol Psychiatry [Internet]. 2018;59(8):908–16. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12874

Martin J, Walters RK, Demontis D, Mattheisen M, Lee SH, Robinson E, et al. A genetic investigation of sex bias in the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry [Internet]. 2018;83(12):1044–53. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.026

Hinshaw SP, Nguyen PT, O’Grady SM, Rosenthal EA. Annual Research Review: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in girls and women: underrepresentation, longitudinal processes, and key directions. J Child Psychol Psychiatry [Internet]. 2022;63(4):484–96. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13480

Juster R-P, Pruessner JC, Desrochers AB, Bourdon O, Durand N, Wan N, et al. Sex and gender roles in relation to mental health and allostatic load. Psychosom Med [Internet]. 2016;78(7):788–804. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000351

Klefsjö U, Kantzer AK, Gillberg C, Billstedt E. The road to diagnosis and treatment in girls and boys with ADHD - gender differences in the diagnostic process. Nord J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2021;75(4):301–5. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2020.1850859

Arcand M, Juster RP, Lupien SJ, Marin MF. Gender roles in relation to symptoms of anxiety and depression among students and workers. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping [Internet]. 2020;33(6): 661-674. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1774560

Kok FM, Groen Y, Fuermaier ABM, Tucha O. The female side of pharmacotherapy for ADHD-A systematic literature review. PLoS One [Internet]. 2020;15(9):e0239257. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239257

Hinshaw SP, Owens EB, Zalecki C, Huggins SP, Montenegro-Nevado AJ, Schrodek E, et al. Prospective follow-up of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into early adulthood: continuing impairment includes elevated risk for suicide attempts and self-injury. J Consult Clin Psychol [Internet]. 2012;80(6):1041–51. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029451

Shaw M, Hodgkins P, Caci H, Young S, Kahle J, Woods AG, et al. A systematic review and analysis of long-term outcomes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of treatment and non-treatment. BMC Med [Internet]. 2012;10(1):99. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-10-99

Babinski DE, Huffnagle SM, Bansal PS, Breaux RP, Waschbusch DA. Behavioral treatment for the social-emotional difficulties of preadolescent and adolescent girls with ADHD. Evid Based Pract Child Adolesc Ment Health [Internet]. 2020;5(2):173–88. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23794925.2020.1759470