How to Cite
Abstract
Epistaxis refers to any bleeding originating from the nasal passages, the nasal cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and/or the nasopharynx. This otorhinolaryngological emergency is one of the most frequent reasons for pediatric medical consultation. Most of these episodes (approximately 90%) come from the anterior circulation, especially from the Kiesselbach area; although there are cases of posterior epistaxis that require more rigorous management. Most patients have self-limiting events that respond to mechanical compression for a few minutes; however, there are refractory cases that will need more exhaustive evaluation, complementary studies and other measures ranging from chemical or electrical cauterization to the placement of a packing, to eventual surgical resolution by a specialist. In general, epistaxis in childhood represents a wide variety of etiologies, which could eventually be associated with severe conditions or that require evaluation and follow-up by a specialist, so its adequate approach and follow-up is of great importance and impact.
Keywords
References
Tunkel D, Anne S, Payne S, Ishman S, Rosenfeld R, Abramson P et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Nosebleed (Epistaxis) Executive Summary. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg [Internet]. 2020 [citado 15 abril 2022];162(1):8-25. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599819889955
Fuller C, Drew Prosser J. Epistaxis in Children: Evaluation and Management. Curr Treat Options Peds [Internet]. 2018 [citado 20 abril 2022];4(2):203-210. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40746-018-0121-4
Tabassom A, Cho J. Epistaxis. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK435997/.
Davies K, Batra K, Mehanna R, Keogh I. Pediatric epistaxis: Epidemiology, management & impact on quality of life. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2014 [citado 20 abril 2022];78(8):1294-1297. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.05.013
Send T, Bertlich M, Eichhorn KW, Ganschow R, Schafigh D, Horlbeck F, Bootz F, Jakob M. Etiology, Management, and Outcome of Pediatric Epistaxis. Pediatr Emerg Care [Internet]. 2021 [citado 27 abril 2022];37(9):466-470. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001698
Krulewitz N, Fix M. Epistaxis. Emerg Med Clin North Am [Internet]. 2019 [citado 15 abril 2022];37(1):29-39. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2018.09.005
Kravchik L, Zohaib J, Pester JM. Anterior Nasal Pack. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538304/
Yan, T., & Goldman, R. D. Épistaxis récurrente chez l’enfant. Can Fam Physician [Internet], 2021 [citado 20 abril 2022];67(6), 430–432. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.46747/cfp.6706430. PMID: 34127466
Akdoğan M, Hızal E, Semiz M, Topal Ö, Akkaş H, Kabataş A et al. The Role of Meteorologic Factors and Air Pollution on the Frequency of Pediatric Epistaxis. Ear Nose Throat J [Internet]. 2018 [citado 28 abril 2022];97(9):E1-E5. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/014556131809700901
Ata N, Bülbül T, Gökçen C, Demirkan A, Çiftçi M. Depression and anxiety levels in mothers of children with epistaxis: A controlled study. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp (Engl Ed) [Internet]. 2019 [citado 20 abril 2022];70(5):286-289. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otorri.2018.06.007
Baugh T, Chang C. Epidemiology and Management of Pediatric Epistaxis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg [Internet]. 2018 [citado 25 abril 2022];159(4):712-716. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599818785898
Svider P, Arianpour K, Mutchnick S. Management of Epistaxis in Children and Adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am [Internet]. 2018 [citado 29 abril 2022];65(3):607-621. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2018.02.007
Beck R, Sorge M, Schneider A, Dietz A. Current Approaches to Epistaxis Treatment in Primary and Secondary Care. Dtsch Arztebl Int [Internet]. 2018 [citado 29 abril 2022];115(1-02):12–22. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2018.0012
Lu Y, Liang J, Gu Q, Pang C, Huang C. Pediatric Epistaxis and Its Correlation Between Air Pollutants in Beijing From 2014 to 2017. Ear Nose Throat J [Internet]. 2019 [citado 18 abril 2022];99(8):513-517. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/0145561319852581
Stoner M, Dulaurier M. Pediatric ENT Emergencies. Emerg Med Clin North Am [Internet]. 2013 [citado 29 abril 2022];31(3):795-808. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2013.04.005
Record S. Practice Guideline: Epistaxis in Children. J Pediatr Health Care [Internet]. 2015 [citado 22 abril 2022];29(5):484-488. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2015.06.002
Béquignon E, Teissier N, Gauthier A, Brugel L, De Kermadec H, Coste A et al. Emergency Department care of childhood epistaxis. Emerg Med J [Internet]. 2016 [citado 20 abril 2022];34(8):543-548. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2015-205528
Percy A. Procedures. En: Kleinman K, McDaniel L, Molloy M, editores. The Harriet Lane Handbook. 22nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2021. p. 61-97.e5.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2022 Array