Comprehensive review of hemoptysis

Abstract

Hemoptysis is the expectoration of blood from the tracheobronquial tree. It is classified into massive of life-threatening and non-threatening hemoptysis, depending on the volume of bleeding, its speed, and the cardiopulmonary reserve. It predominates in men older than 62 years. Its main differential diagnosis is pseudohemoptysis, whose origin may be from the upper respiratory tract, which is considered in cases where there was previous nasopharyngeal discomfort, such as red blood coming from the mouth without much effort; or gastrointestinal discomfort, which is characterized by dark hematemesis with deoxygenated blood and sometimes with food remains. In this case there is a history of cirrhosis and ulcers. The etiology of hemoptysis is multifactorial, including airway, parenchymal, vascular, and iatrogenic alterations. To achieve an adequate diagnosis, the patient must be approached with an adequate history, physical examination and complemented with imaging studies to be able to accurately determine the site and cause of bleeding. In this way it will be possible offer targeted and timely treatment.